An interactionist approach to schizophrenia combines biological, psychological, and social factors, recognising that no single factor can fully explain the disorder. The diathesis-stress model highlights this interplay, proposing that genetic or biological vulnerabilities (diathesis) interact with environmental stressors, such as trauma or family dysfunction, to trigger schizophrenia. This perspective informs holistic treatments, combining medication to address biological factors with psychological therapies to manage environmental and cognitive influences.

Expressed emotion (EE) refers to the level of criticism, hostility, and emotional overinvolvement within a family. High EE environments are linked to higher relapse rates in individuals with schizophrenia, as the stress from negative family interactions exacerbates symptoms. Reducing EE through family therapy can improve outcomes, highlighting the significant role of social dynamics in managing the disorder.

Drug therapy for schizophrenia includes typical and atypical antipsychotics. Typical antipsychotics, like chlorpromazine, primarily reduce positive symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors but can cause side effects like tardive dyskinesia. Atypical antipsychotics, such as clozapine, target both dopamine and serotonin pathways, addressing positive and some negative symptoms with fewer motor side effects, though they carry risks like weight gain or agranulocytosis

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for schizophrenia, focusing on identifying and challenging delusional beliefs and developing coping strategies. It helps patients better understand their symptoms, manage distress, and improve daily functioning. CBT is often used alongside medication to provide a holistic approach to managing the disorder

Classic studies in schizophrenia for the Edexcel specification. Roswenhan and CARLSSON