Non-experimental research methods are used when variables cannot be manipulated, either for practical or ethical reasons. Instead of establishing cause and effect, these methods examine behaviour as it naturally occurs, identifying patterns, relationships, and meanings. Common approaches include correlations, observations, interviews, questionnaires, content analysis, and case studies. While they lack the control required for causal conclusions, they are essential for studying complex, real-world human behaviour and often provide the foundation for further experimental investigation
