THE COGNITIVE APPROACH
MEMORY SPECIFICATION
TOPIC 2: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
TOPIC OVERVIEW
Students must understand that cognitive psychology focuses on the role of cognition and cognitive processes in human behaviour. These processes include perception, memory, selective attention, language, and problem-solving. The cognitive approach draws on the analogy of cognitive processing to computer processing.
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS APPROACHES
Our first lesson taught us that psychology is not based on a single belief system but comprises different approaches that propose varied explanations for human behaviour. Each approach offers a unique perspective on what drives our thoughts, emotions, and actions.
The earliest approach was the Psychodynamic (or Psychoanalytic) theory, which suggested that unconscious processes, particularly those stemming from childhood experiences, significantly shape human behaviour. This theory laid the groundwork for understanding the depth of human emotions and motivations but faced criticism for its lack of scientific rigour.
Following this, the Behaviourist approach emerged as a rejection of psychoanalysis due to its unscientific nature. Behaviourism was a breakthrough as it introduced scientific concepts and experimental methods, making psychology more empirically respectable. However, behaviourism has two significant limitations:
It dismissed the relevance of the brain, focusing solely on observable behaviour without considering internal mental processes.
It argued that the brain could not be scientifically studied due to the lack of observable evidence, effectively overlooking mental processes like memory, attention, and perception.
While behaviourism remains relevant today, particularly in understanding how our environment shapes us through reinforcement, punishment, and associations (which you'll learn more about in detail with Ms Brice), it only explains part of the human experience. It focuses on environmental factors without accounting for the higher cognitive abilities crucial to understanding human behaviour.
Students must understand that cognitive psychology focuses on the role of cognition and cognitive processes in human behaviour. These processes include perception, memory, selective attention, language, and problem-solving. The cognitive approach draws on the analogy of cognitive processing to computer processing.
BIRTH OF THE COGNITIVE APPROACH
The limitations of behaviourism led to the rise of the Cognitive approach, which aimed to fill in the gaps left by its predecessor. This approach focuses on understanding how humans process information—examining memory, attention, language, perception, consciousness, and complex abilities like face recognition. The cognitive approach investigates the mental processes behind behaviour, exploring what we do, why we do it and how the brain works to produce these higher cognitive functions.s
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGISTS’ METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING THE BRAIN
Cognitive psychologists have four main methods for investigating how the brain processes mental functions such as memory and language. The choice of methods often depends on the technological advances of the time. For instance, in 1968, when scanning technologies like fMRI and PET scans did not exist, Atkinson and Shiffrin had to rely on less advanced techniques to explore how memory might be organised in the brain.
The four methods commonly used to investigate inner mental processes are:
Post-Mortem Studies of Brain-Damaged Individuals: Cognitive psychologists examine the brains of individuals who suffered from brain damage during their lifetime to understand how certain cognitive functions are affected. A classic example is the study of Tan by Paul Broca, where post-mortem analysis revealed damage to Broca’s area, associated with speech production. This early form of investigation laid the groundwork for understanding the relationship between brain areas and behaviour. Over time, as technology improved, brain scans provided more dynamic and real-time insights, leading to the development of cognitive neuropsychology.
Cognitive Neuroscience: This method involves scanning the brains of healthy individuals while they engage in specific cognitive tasks. Advanced techniques such as fMRI and PET scans allow researchers to see which areas of the brain are active during processes like memory recall, language comprehension, or problem-solving. For instance, scans show that Short-Term Memory (STM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM) are processed in different brain regions.
Laboratory Experiments: Cognitive psychologists conduct controlled lab experiments to study mental processes scientifically. These "fair tests" manipulate an Independent Variable (IV) to observe its effect on a Dependent Variable (DV). A famous example is Baddeley's encoding experiment, which investigated how STM and LTM encode information differently. Laboratory experiments are essential for testing hypotheses about how cognitive processes work under controlled conditions.
Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Models: The aim is to simulate human cognitive processes by building AI models that mimic the brain's operation. Cognitive scientists can learn more about how the brain functions by replicating processes like memory storage, problem-solving, and language use. This approach helps bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and practical application by providing insights into how cognitive processes might be structured and work together.r