TULVING LTM: EPISODIC AND SEMANTIC

Endel Tulving’s (1972) theory, central to Edexcel A-Level Psychology, challenges unitary long-term memory (LTM) models by proposing distinct systems: episodic memory (personal experiences) and semantic memory (general knowledge/facts). Later, procedural memory was added, emphasizing that memory is divided into declarative and non-declarative subsystems